Dat is de belofte de Vijf Voorschriften als leidend beginsel in hun leven te hanteren. [9] At the time, Yekaterinoslav was undergoing a cholera epidemic, and her mother contracted the disease shortly after childbirth; despite the expectations of their doctor, both mother and child survived the epidemic. 2 talking about this. Ongeveer een jaar later merkte Kiddle, dat hele passages van zijn speech vrijwel letterlijk overgenomen waren in een aan Alfred Percy Sinnett gerichte Mahatmabrief van Koot Hoomi, gepubliceerd in The occult world van Sinnett. [235], Godwin suggested that Blavatsky's life work was "not only spiritual but socially idealistic and fiercely political". Blavatsky begon ook zelf artikelen over het onderwerp te schrijven. Daar zou zij naast Morya andere Mahatma's hebben ontmoet, zoals onder meer Koot Hoomi, die een reïncarnatie van Pythagoras zou zijn. [341] Lachman claimed that "practically all modern occultism and esotericism" can trace its origins back to her influence. Italics in original} It was in 1886, two years before The Secret Doctrine and five before Blavatsky's death, that the General Council of the Theosophical Society adopted as the first of the Society's three objects, "To form the nucleus of a Universal Brotherhood of Humanity without distinction of race, creed, or color." [316][173] [14] As well as her Russian and German ancestry, Blavatsky could also claim French heritage, for a great-great grandfather had been a French Huguenot nobleman who had fled to Russia to escape persecution, there serving in the court of Catherine the Great. [170] Sinnett summarised the teachings contained in these letters in his book Esoteric Buddhism (1883), although scholars of Buddhism like Max Müller publicly highlighted that the contents were not Buddhist, and Blavatsky herself disliked the misleading title. (..) Ik kan de SPR-commissie niet zuiveren van blaam voor het publiceren van dit volslagen ondeugdelijke rapport. At the same time, we must note the extensive and appreciative use she made of the Jewish mystical system, the Kabbala, although she thought its origins were earlier than historic Judaism. [84] Blavatsky never claimed in print to have visited Lhasa, although this is a claim that would be made for her in various later sources, including the account provided by her sister. [272] [172][173] According to Meade, "there can be no reasonable doubt that Helena was their author". She did much to spread Eastern religious, philosophical and occult concepts throughout the Western world. [1] Haar ideeën waren inspiratie voor latere westerse spirituele bewegingen als New Age. On foundation, Olcott was appointed chairman, with Judge as secretary, and Blavatsky as corresponding secretary, although she remained the group's primary theoretician and leading figure. Zij schreef in dat jaar ook de laatste hoofdstukken van De geheime leer, dat het standaardwerk in de theosofie zou worden. [132], In 1875, Blavatsky began work on a book outlining her Theosophical worldview, much of which would be written during a stay in the Ithaca home of Hiram Corson, a Professor of English Literature at Cornell University. [362] According to a Theosophical source, the Indian section in 2008 was said to have around 13,000 members while in the US the 2008 membership was reported at around 3,900. Na een kort verblijf in Napels vestigde zij zich in Würzburg in de Ludwigstrasse[8] en woonde er later samen met gravin Constance Wachtmeister, die zij in 1884 in Londen had ontmoet. In haar latere geschriften vermeldde zij, dat zij in deze periode veel tijd doorbracht in de bibliotheek van haar grootvader die veel boeken over esoterie bevatte. Blavatsky was tijdens haar leven de belangrijkste theoreticus van die beweging. De Geheime Leer is het belangrijkste boek van Blavatsky en het standaardwerk van de theosofische beweging. {Blavatsky, Isis Unveiled, Vol. Het huwelijk was vanaf het begin een fiasco en zij vluchtte na enkele weken naar familie in Tbilisi. "[364] [226] There, she authored a book containing questions and corresponding answers, The Key to Theosophy. Vanaf medio 1875 begon Blavatsky aan het schrijven van haar eerste boek dat in 1877 zou uitkomen. Lillie also analysed the Mahatma letters and asserted they had been written by Blavatsky, based on certain peculiarities of expression and spelling. In 1875 New York City, Blavatsky co-founded the Theosophical Society with Olcott and William Quan Judge. Met name de vooraanstaande Amerikaanse spiritist William Emmette Coleman beschuldigde Blavatsky er van dat ze op grote schaal plagiaat pleegde. [198] In December 1885, the SPR published their report on Blavatsky and her alleged phenomena, authored by Richard Hodgson. [270] Blavatsky stated that the Theosophical teachings were passed on to her by adepts, who lived in various parts of the world. [111] Claiming that Blavatsky impressed him with her own ability to manifest spirit phenomena, Olcott authored a newspaper article on her. That same year, while in Ceylon, she and Olcott became the first people from the United States to formally convert to Buddhism[citation needed]. [240] Blavatsky preferred to be known by the acronym "HPB",[241] a sobriquet applied to her by many of her friends which was first developed by Olcott. The Theosophical Society had a major influence on Buddhist modernism and Hindu reform movements,[357] while Blavatsky and Olcott took part in Anagarika Dharmapala's revival of Theravada Buddhism in Ceylon. There they officially converted to Buddhism—apparently the first from the United States to do so[164]—taking the Five Precepts in a ceremony at Ramayana Nikayana in May 1880. Hoe dan ook, de religie van de Ouden is de religie van de toekomst. [334], Blavatsky's Theosophy redirected the interest in Spiritualism toward a more coherent doctrine that included cosmology with theory of evolution in an understanding of humanity's spiritual development. Via Polen werd teruggekeerd naar Odessa, waar haar moeder in 1842 op de leeftijd van achtentwintig jaar overleed aan tuberculose. "[206], In 1886, by which time she was largely wheelchair-bound, Blavatsky moved to Ostend in Belgium, where she was visited by Theosophists from across Europe. Het eerste deel is verdeeld in secties over spiritualisme, psychische fenomenen, mesmerisme, de kabbala en verhandelingen over de grote wijsheid van oude volkeren. De essentie van het rapport van Vernon Harrison was dat het Hodgson Rapport op dat onderdeel ernstige methodologische tekortkomingen had en dat die beschuldiging aan Blavatsky op basis van dat Hodgson Rapport niet inhoudelijk onderbouwd kon worden. [74] Together they adopted a child named Yuri, who would die aged five in 1867, when he was buried under Metrovitch's surname. The first to advance this theory, without further proof, was L.A. Bosman, a Jewish Theosophist, in his booklet The Mysteries of the Qabalah (1916) p. 31. [221] In the book, Blavatsky outlined her own cosmogonical ideas about how the universe, the planets, and the human species came to exist. She identified it as a place for "true Theosophists" who would focus on the system's philosophy rather than experiment with producing paranormal phenomena. [97] In Cairo, she also met with the Egyptologist Gaston Maspero, and another of the Masters, Serapis Bey. [124], At a Miracle Club meeting on 7 September 1875, Blavatsky, Olcott, and Judge agreed to establish an esoteric organisation, with Charles Sotheran suggesting that they call it the Theosophical Society. [222] Daarnaast was hij lid van de American Oriental Society, de Royal Asiatic Society van Groot-Brittannië en Ierland en de Pali Text Society. In die artikelen hanteerde zij voor het eerst de term theosofie, een term die onder meer al door Jakob Böhme begin zeventiende eeuw werd gebruikt. In 1985 startte Vernon Harrison, een Brits handschriftkundige en professioneel onderzoeker van betwiste documenten, een onderzoek naar het Hodgson Rapport. She subscribed to the anti-Christian current of thought within Western esotericism which emphasized the idea of an ancient and universal "occult science" that should be revived. [355] Blavatsky believed that Indian religion offered answers to problems then facing Westerners; in particular, she believed that Indian religion contained an evolutionary cosmology which complemented Darwinian evolutionary theory, and that the Indian doctrine of reincarnation met many of the moral qualms surrounding vicarious atonement and eternal damnation that preoccupied 19th-century Westerners. II. A page dedicated to the writings of Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (1831-1891). De Mahatma's zouden zich kunnen materialiseren in een tijdelijk lichaam op andere plaatsen in de wereld en daar weer in het niets opgaan. [27] Voor de theosofische beweging van die tijd eindigde de kwestie met een nieuwe Mahatmabrief van Koot Hoomi. I, p. 1) where she still refrains from mentioning the Book Dzyan by name. [287][290] The second Root Race, known as the Hyperboreans, were also formed from pure spirit and lived on a land near to the North Pole, which then had a mild climate. "[289] He instead suggested that it could be read as Blavatsky's attempt to formulate "a new myth for the modern age, or as a huge, fantastic science fiction story". Op 4 juli 1871 ontplofte in de Golf van Napels het kruitmagazijn van het schip. In 1882 werd het hoofdkwartier van de Theosofische Vereniging gevestigd in Adyar. Het was een formele bevestiging, dat beiden zichzelf identificeerden als boeddhist. The society's Board of Control had accused Emma Coulomb of misappropriating their funds for her own purposes, and asked her to leave their center. Blavatsky kreeg de klassieke aristocratische opleiding in onder meer Frans, muziek- en dansles. [147], The Theosophical Society established links with an Indian Hindu reform movement, the Arya Samaj, which had been founded by the Swami Dayananda Saraswati; Blavatsky and Olcott believed that the two organisations shared a common spiritual world-view. This cosmology exhibited commonalities with the scientific discoveries of geology and biological evolution, both of which had been revealed by scientific inquiry during the 19th century. [322] Op deze wijze werden ook ontmoetingen met andere theosofen georganiseerd. [171] Since the book's publication, there has been much debate as to the authenticity of the letters, with some arguing that they were written by Blavatsky herself, and others believing that they were written by separate individuals. [233] She was a heavy cigarette smoker throughout her life,[238] and was known for smoking hashish at times. From the Seventh Arrondissement to the Seventh Ward: Blavatsky's Arrival in America 1873. Helena Petrovna Blavatsky o.s. Het kind was bij de geboorte al gehandicapt. [228] She continued to face accusations of fraud; U.S. newspaper The Sun published a July 1890 article based on information provided by an ex-member of the Society, Elliott Coues. [220] However, most scholars of Buddhism to have examined The Secret Doctrine have concluded that there was no such text as the Book of Dzyan, and that instead it was the fictional creation of Blavatsky's. The escorts accompanied her to Poti and then Kerch, intending to continue with her to Odessa. Lewis, James R., and J. Gordon Melton, eds. [126] Blavatsky however insisted that Theosophy was not a religion in itself. . (In 1888 without distinction of sex or caste was added.) [28] Ook deze kwestie leidde tot het vertrek uit de theosofische beweging van een aantal personen. She and her husband refused, blackmailing the society with letters that they claimed were written by Blavatsky and which proved that her paranormal abilities were fraudulent. For when you have made the best of an adversity, it becomes the stepping stone to a splendid opportunity. Wright en W.R. Old. [15], As a result of Pyotr's career, the family frequently moved to different parts of the Empire, accompanied by their servants,[16] a mobile childhood that may have influenced Blavatsky's largely nomadic lifestyle in later life. In augustus 1889 verhuisde Blavatsky naar Avenue Road 19, Regent's Park in St John's Wood, waar in 1890 ook het Europese hoofdkwartier van de beweging werd gevestigd. [126] The term was not new, but had been previously used in various contexts by the Philaletheians and the Christian mystic Jakob Böhme. Blavatsky responded to those academic specialists in Indian religion who accused her of misrepresenting it by claiming that they understood only the exoteric nature of Hinduism and Buddhism and not the inner esoteric secrets of these faiths, which she traced back to the ancient Vedas. In dat jaar zou in Londen haar eerste ontmoeting plaatsvinden met Mahatma Morya, de personificatie van de mysterieuze Indiër uit haar visioenen. Hij noemde Blavatsky een religieuze charlatan.[6]. Get it as soon as Thu, Jan 7. Enkele decennia na haar overlijden versplinterde de theosofische beweging in meerdere stromingen. Her Life and Work for Theosophy. [94] She set sail for Egypt aboard the SS Eumonia, but in July 1871 it exploded during the journey; Blavatsky was one of only 16 survivors. [71], After spending time in France and Germany, in 1858 she returned to her family, then based in Pskov. Volgens Blavatsky waren zij geen Tibetanen, maar Indiërs. {Blavatsky, The Secret Doctrine, Vol. [273] Blavatsky claimed that due to Christianization in Europe, this magical tradition was lost there, but it persisted in modified form in India and Africa, promoting a self-consciously magical disenchantment narrative. Alleen ingewijden die ook bepaalde proeven succesvol hadden gehaald kregen toestemming de bijeenkomsten van de sectie bij te wonen. . Hier zou ze ook de eerste visioenen ontvangen waarin ze een mysterieuze Indiër ontmoette, die zij later als de Mahatma Morya leerde kennen. [260] She wrote that "Judaism, built solely on Phallic worship, has become one of the latest creeds in Asia, and theologically a religion of hate and malice toward everyone and everything outside themselves. In 1880, she and Olcott moved to India, where the Society was allied to the Arya Samaj, a Hindu reform movement. [12] Blavatsky's father was Pyotr Alexeyevich von Hahn (Russian: Пётр Алексеевич Ган, 1798–1873), a descendant of the German von Hahn aristocratic family, who served as a captain in the Russian Royal Horse Artillery, and would later rise to the rank of colonel. De eeuwigheid van het Heelal in toto als een grenzeloos gebied, periodiek ‘het toneel van talloze Heelallen die zich onophoudelijk manifesteren en weer verdwijnen’ en die ‘de zich manifesterende sterren’ en ‘de vonken van de eeuwigheid’ worden genoemd. [279] However, Lachman stated that her Buddhism was "highly eccentric and had little to do with the Buddhism of scholars like [Max] Müller or that of your average Buddhist". [281] Blavatsky has been cited as having inspired Hindus to respect their own religious roots. [66] Sailing to the U.S., she visited New York City, where she met up with Rawson, before touring Chicago, Salt Lake City, and San Francisco, and then sailing back to India via Japan. [287] The third lived on the continent of Lemuria, which Blavatsky alleged survives today as Australia and Rapa Nui. [256] Some have suggested that she may have been a lesbian or transvestite, due to early accounts in which she traveled while dressed in masculine attire. Naast de kerk, met haar monopolie op de hemel en het hiernamaals, stelde de onbevreesde en scherpzinnige Russische Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (HPB, 1831-1891) een wetenschap van de verborgen zijde van de dingen. [239] She lived simply and her followers believed that she refused to accept monetary payment in return for disseminating her teachings. He stated that "without her charismatic leadership and uncompromising promotion of the Theosophical agenda, it appears unlikely that the movement could have attained its unique form. She was also humorous, vulgar, impulsive and warm-hearted, and didn't give a hoot for anyone or anything. Het derde wortelras, het eerste werkelijk menselijke, zou bestaan hebben op het verloren continent van Lemurië; het vierde wortelras ontwikkelde zich in Atlantis. Haar verdedigingslinie in het boek is voortdurend, dat de wetenschappers niet beschikken over de esoterische kennis en wijsheid waar zij als ingewijde wel over beschikt. [321] She complied with their request to undertake a study of her and the paranormal abilities that she claimed to possess, although wasn't impressed by the organisation and mockingly referred to it as the "Spookical Research Society". De vader kreeg opnieuw een functie in de Oekraïne. This seems to me, indeed, the true ‘etymology’ of the hitherto unexplained title. Blavatsky werd tijdens haar leven en ook daarna vele malen beschuldigd van bedrog. In de herfst van 1884 verbleef Blavatsky acht weken bij consul Gustav en Mary Gebhard in Elberfeld. . Blavatsky beschreef de Mahatma's als stervelingen, die echter een intellectueel en spiritueel niveau hadden dat veel hoger was dan van alle andere personen in de wereld. [69] According to this account, they reached Leh before becoming lost, eventually joining a traveling Tartar group before she headed back to India. Both contemporary critics and later biographers have argued that some or all of these foreign visits were fictitious, and that she spent this period in Europe. [61] She then headed south, visiting New Orleans, Texas, Mexico, and the Andes, before transport via ship from the West Indies to Ceylon and then Bombay. Who Is Helena Petrovna Blavatsky? [245] Lachman stated that Blavatsky exhibited what he referred to as "Russian traits – an intense devotion to spiritual truth, combined with a profound contradictory character. [230] The date would come to be commemorated by Theosophists ever since as White Lotus Day. Haar vader was Pyotr Alexeyevich von Hahn, afkomstig uit een Duitse aristocratische familie. Blavatsky wrote, in Isis Unveiled, that Spiritualism "alone offers a possible last refuge of compromise between" the "revealed religions and materialistic philosophies". Hij zou later een belangrijke rol in de theosofische beweging spelen, een aantal boeken schrijven en is vooral bekend vanwege het veronderstelde feit, dat hij de meeste zogenaamde Mahatmabrieven ontving. [148] Unhappy with life in the U.S., Blavatsky decided to move to India, with Olcott agreeing to join her, securing work as a U.S. trade representative to the country. In haar latere geschriften heeft zij altijd gesteld, dat zij toestemde onder de voorwaarde dat zij haar eigen naam en onafhankelijkheid kon behouden. . [13] Pyotr had not been present at his daughter's birth, having been in Poland fighting to suppress the November Uprising against Russian rule, and first saw her when she was six months old. [355] Hutton believed that the two greatest achievements of Blavatsky's movement were in popularizing belief in reincarnation and in a singular divine world soul within the West. [55] It was also in Constantinople that she met the Countess Sofia Kiselyova, who she would accompany on a tour of Egypt, Greece, and Eastern Europe. Inspired by the novels of James Fenimore Cooper, she sought out the Native American communities of Quebec in the hope of meeting their magico-religious specialists, but was instead robbed, later attributing these Natives' behavior to the corrupting influence of Christian missionaries. . How faithfully and nobly they have stood by their ancestral faith under the diabolical persecutions. Solovjov was als theosoof teleurgesteld dat Blavatsky hem geen 'verschijnselen' leerde voort te brengen. Blavatsky was a pantheist,[285] and emphasized the idea of an impersonal divinity, referring to the Theosophical God as a "universal Divine Principle, the root of All, from which all proceeds, and within which all shall be absorbed at the end of the great cycle of being". Zij pleegde hiermee in feite bigamie, aangezien haar eerste huwelijk niet ontbonden was en haar echtgenoot nog in leven. [337] H.P. By the early 1870s, Blavatsky was involved in the Spiritualist movement; although defending the genuine existence of Spiritualist phenomena, she argued against the mainstream Spiritualist idea that the entities contacted were the spirits of the dead. It has been the major force in the dissemination of occult literature in the West in the twentieth century. She was indifferent to sex yet frank and open about it; fonder of animals than of people; welcoming, unpretentious, scandalous, capricious and rather noisy. [154] Her activity in the city was monitored by British intelligence services, who suspected that she was working for Russia. [246] Meade believed that Blavatsky perceived herself as a messianic figure whose purpose was to save the world by promoting Theosophy. In 1875 schreef zij een aantal artikelen voor het in Boston gevestigde tijdschrift Spiritual Scientist. In 1986 the SPR admitted this to be the case and retracted the findings of the report. "[324], Parasychologist Nandor Fodor stated, "Whatever result psycho-analysts may arrive at in the study of her [Blavatsky's] complex character, it must be admitted that she was a remarkable woman and that she indeed possessed psychic powers which, however, fell far short of the miraculous feats she constantly aimed at. [86] It has been highlighted that during the nineteenth century, Tibet was closed to Europeans, and visitors faced the perils of bandits and a harsh terrain; the latter would have been even more problematic if Blavatsky had been as stout and unathletic as she would be in later life. One day in the winter of 1875, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, one of the founders of the Theosophical Society, made a vow: to spread by every means in her power the teachings which she had received from several Masters of the Himalayan Lodge of the Spiritual Hierarchy of our planet. [197] She then moved to Würzburg in the Kingdom of Bavaria, where she was visited by a Swedish Theosophist, the Countess Constance Wachtmeister, who became her constant companion throughout the rest of her life. [92], Blavatsky alleged that she departed Tibet with the mission of proving to the world that the phenomena identified by Spiritualists were objectively real, thus defending Spiritualism against accusations of fraud. [248] For Meade, Blavatsky had a "vivid imagination" and a "propensity for lying". Blavatsky: Geselecteerde artikelen – deel 2, H.P. She says: “There exists somewhere in this wide world an old Book… It is the only copy now in existence. In zijn werk Major Trends in Jewish Mysticism (1961) merkt hij op dat een aanzienlijk deel van de tekst van de stanza’s ontleend moet zijn aan, dan wel een bewerking is van de tekst van de Sifra di-tseniutha , een onderdeel van de Zohar. [27] The family proceeded to Poland and then back to Odessa, where Blavatsky's mother died of tuberculosis in June 1842, aged 28. In mei 1884 vertrok zij met Olcott voor een reis naar Europa. [7] Schmiechen schilderde er een portret van Blavatsky. [252] The Indologist Alexander Senkevich stated that Blavatsky's charisma exerted influence on Charles Massey and Stainton Moses. "[261] She also stated that Jews were "degenerate in spirituality", although she still viewed them as Aryans. Daarom zijn wij zo vrij om onze bewering te handhaven tegenover de mening van veel geleerden... Wetenschappelijke gevolgtrekking is één ding, en kennis van feiten, hoe onwetenschappelijk die ook op het eerste gezicht schijnen te zijn, is een tweede. Op de leeftijd van zeventien jaar huwde zij in juli 1847 met Nikifor Vladimirovich Blavatsky, een man die toen 43 jaar was en vicegouverneur van de provincie Jerevan. De literaire productie die aan de Mahatma's werd toegeschreven was aanzienlijk. Bibsys: 90335418Biblioteca Nacional de España: XX854413Bibliothèque nationale de France: cb11892330s (data)Gemeinsame Normdatei: 118511629International Standard Name Identifier: 0000 0001 2125 776XLibrary of Congress Control Number: n79032225Bibliotheek van het Japanse parlement: 00433503Nationale Bibliotheek van Tsjechië: jn19981000280Nationale bibliotheek van Australië: 35019372Nationale Bibliotheek van Israël: 000021668Nationale Bibliotheek van Polen: A12110656Nederlandse Thesaurus van Auteursnamen Persoon ID: 068812914Russische Staatsbibliotheek: 000079492Istituto Centrale per il Catalogo Unico: IT\ICCU\CFIV\032909LIBRIS: 41450SNAC: w6np278vSystème universitaire de documentation: 02744905XTrove: 793703Virtual International Authority File: 29530438 WorldCat Identities (via VIAF): 29530438, Ontvankelijkheid in het culturele klimaat.