Lithofacies analysis of the Permian Gondwana sequence in borehole GDH-45 of the Khalaspir Basin was performed with a view to deduce the nature of depositional environments. Despite the opposition, some of the authors, for instance, Du Toit (1937), continued to promote continental drift in his valued book. © 2001-2021 Futura-Sciences, all rights reserved - MadeInFutura - Futura-Sciences en français. (2003) discussed the importance of fault development (both basinal and basin margin faults) in the Gondwana basin especially on the nature of sedimentation in different Gondwana basins of the Peninsular India (Fig. Gondwana. one of the two ancient supercontinents produced by the first split of the even larger supercontinent Pangaea about 200 million years ago, comprising what are now North America, Greenland, Europe, and Asia (excluding India)See also Gondwanaland, Pangaea. 6.2). Duden | Gondwana | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Herkunft This model is consistent with the SWEAT (SW US-East Antarctic) hypothesis (Moores, 1991), where in the Grenvillian Belt of Laurentia continues around Antarctica and into India and Australia. Fig. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom, University of New England Australia, Armidale, Australia, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China, Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition), Tectonic Setting and Gondwana Basin Architecture in the Indian Shield, Developments in Structural Geology and Tectonics, Acharyya and Roy, 2000; Acharyya, 2001a,b, Crowley and North, 1991; Frakes and Francis, 1988; Frakes et al., 1992; Crowell, 1999; Veizer et al., 2000; Crowley and Berner, 2001, Caputo, 1985; Hambrey, 1985; Brenchley et al., 1994; Crowell, 1999; Kump et al., 1999; Sutcliffe et al., 2000, Brenchley et al., 2003; Melchin and Holmden, 2006; Delabroye and Vecoli, 2010. Find Synonyms. It comprised the present Arabia, Africa, South America, Antarctica, Australia, and the peninsula of India. 9.1. According to this new model, East Gondwana did not exist during the Neoproterozoic—along with West Gondwana, but got together during the Pan-African Orogeny synchronously with the whole of Gondwanaland (Meert & Powell, 2001). Gondwana assembly was initiated with subduction around 870 Ma, with an initial arc–arc convergence and terrane suturing at c. 780 Ma and the beginning of ocean-basin closure. Gondwana stratigraphy sequence of the South Rewa Gondwana Basin as proposed by previous workers. The influence of changing climate over the sequential development of the lithostratigraphic units also provided an additional correlation tool (Dutta et al., 2015). Subhrangsu K. Acharyya, in Developments in Structural Geology and Tectonics, 2019. See also: Gondwana Gondwanaland. It is postulated that the Indian Shield was under NNE-SSW trending regional extension, and the Gondwana basins opened contemporaneously during the Late Paleozoic mimicking and inheriting the Proterozoic structural weaknesses and the Proterozoic fabric. Gondwana is characterized by intervals of continental glaciations and periods of minimal or no ice in geologic time (e.g., Frakes, 1979; Fisher, 1982; Crowley and North, 1991; Frakes and Francis, 1988; Frakes et al., 1992; Crowell, 1999; Veizer et al., 2000; Crowley and Berner, 2001). An ice-covered Antarctica was the key component of this long-lived subsupercontinent. There is a general consensus that the late Neoproterozoic metamorphism and deformation reflects the Gondwana assembly. Gondwana definition: the Mesozoic landmass in the Southern Hemisphere that included what are now South... | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples The Gondwana sedimentation covering from the ice-house setting to the green-house setting,the latter causing intense chemical weathering, provide another climate forced correlation tool. Gondwana sediments are intruded by sills and dykes of mica-lamprophyres followed by dolerite dykes, which have an overlapping relationship with faulting. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. Gondwanaland is composed of the major continental blocks of South America, Africa, Arabia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka, India, Antarctica, and Australia (Figure 1 ). 10b and 12c, d) has also received wide attention in the past few years with new information coming from petrological, geochemical and geochronological studies leading to different tectonic models — see Collins and Pisarevsky (2005) and the preface to a special issue on Western Gondwana (Tohver et al., … GLOSSOPTERIS FLORA FROM THE P ALI FORMA TION, JOHILLA COALFIELD, SOUTH REW A GONDW ANA … I’m sure you’ve noticed though that the one idea that remains at its centre, is ‘Gondwana’. Medlicott vorgeschlagen, von O. Feistmantel 1876 eingeführt und v.a. Gondwana, also called … These lithostratigraphic units, for brevity, were designated as Units A through D by Dutta et al. Geological evidence has proved that glaciations existed in ;the Precambrian, late Ordovician especially the Hirnantian stages, early Silurian, and late Devonian (Caputo, 1985; Hambrey, 1985; Brenchley et al., 1994; Crowell, 1999; Kump et al., 1999; Sutcliffe et al., 2000; Brenchley et al., 2003; Melchin and Holmden, 2006; Delabroye and Vecoli, 2010). The plant fossils are common in the Gondwana formations. The Indian continent comprises a mosaic of a few Archaean cratons, which are mechanically strong, but have collisional junctions and bordering Proterozoic mobile belts that are mechanically weak. Raniganj Gondwana basin is the easternmost member of the E-W trending Damodar-Valley Gondwana basin belt, and it has ideally developed Gondwana stratisgraphy and structural setting. 6.3). Gondwana succession in India range in age from late Paeozoic glaceogene Talchir Formation to the early Jurassic Kota Formation. Continental collision in the Neoproterozic East African orogen: Implications for the consolidation of Gondwana land. (gŏnd-wä′nə) n. The supercontinent of the Southern Hemisphere that, according to the theory of plate tectonics, broke up into India, Australia, Antarctica, Africa, and South America. Glacial records exist on all Gondwanan continents. Meanwhile, the Milankovitch cycle probably causes an abrupt change in given CO2 level and geography like the Precambrian. Topographic relief and faulting during the postdepositional phase resulted in the varying morphology of the individual basins. The presence of compressive structures like overturned folds and reverse faults developed especially close to some boundary fault zones indicate local effects of inversion tectonics. However, there is a lack of well-constrained age data for most of its formations, which causes both intra- and interbasinal correlation problems, particularly for the Mesozoic formations. Out of three primary factors that control the nature of the Gondwana sediments, two factors are broadly common: they are mainly derived from granitic rocks, and they are deposited largely in the fluvial nature of basin fill. The few fossils left from this period reveal segmented worms, frond-like organisms and round creatures shaped like modern jellyfish. Deposition took place mainly in three river valley basins: Damodar Valley, Son-Mahanadi Valley, and Pranhita-Godavari Valley. na. Thus these two factors, granitic provenance and broadly fluvial environment, remained somewhat similar for Gondwana sediments. The coal bearing Lower Gondwana formations are relatively more affected by faults, and are characterized by the presence of the Glossopteris flora, whereas unconformably overlying Upper Gondwana cover are relatively less deformed and often over laps prominent faults and are characterized by the presence of the Ptilophyllum flora. The amalgamation of the Rodinia supercontinent at around 1300–900 Ma involved worldwide orogenic events and that India became a part of Rodinia around 990–900 Ma involving the collision of the EGMB with the Rayner complex of East Antarctica (Li et al., 2008). Such combinations of geography, CO2 levels, and solar constant change, and the Milankovitch cycle complicate the glacial history of Earth. The Kuunga orogeny was interpreted to mark the collision of Australia and Antarctica with the rest of Gondwana and was subsequently correlated with a broad belt of orogenesis from the Damara Orogen in the west to the Pinjarra Orogen in the east, with a southern spur to Dronning Maud Land (Meert, 2003). 9.2). Gondwana's final formation occurred about 500 million years ago, during the late Ediacaran Period. By this time, multicellular organisms had evolved, but they were primitive. Gondwana had formed somewhat earlier, 650 to 450million years ago, by the closure of multiple “Pan-African” suture belts stitching together constituent pieces that are now parts of modern Africa, South America, India, Australia, and Antarctica. Basin belts oriented obliquely at acute angles (~ 60 degrees) to the extension axis opened contemporaneously during the Late Paleozoic, mimicking the underlying Precambrian Basin in geometry facilitated by the presence of fractured basement and inheriting the Precambrian fabrics. It is challenging to identify sutures in such terranes from surface geology since granulite-facies metamorphism, partial melting, and pervasive ductile deformation mask many of the features used to identify sutures at shallower crustal levels, and the suture zones are also more likely to correspond to areas of poor outcrop than to regions of good exposure. Later, the different sectors of Gondwana had subsequently travelled apart across the oceans. These overlying coal- bearing formations occur on the Panchet Formation and its equivalents in different basins. The late Neoproterozoic–Cambrian supercontinent Pannotia (Gondwana) (see Figs. Modified after Stern, R.J. (1994). Gondwanaland or “Gondwana” is the name for the southern half of the Pangaean supercontinent that existed some 300 million years ago. The Indian Gondwana sequence can be broadly structured to a composite sequence of four representative lithostratigraphic units, for example, the glaciogene Talchir, the carbonaceous shale, coal-bearing Damuda, the feldspathic sandstone and red claystone-bearing Panchet and its equivalents, and the hill-forming feldspar-poor, quartz-arenite and variegated claystone-bearing Mahadeva equivalents, or the Supra-Panchet. Geological map of Son-Mahanadi Valley Gondwana Basin and pattern of major faults. The Kuunga Orogeny was originally defined on the basis of geochronological data and interpreted to be related to the collision between Australia/Antarctica and an already combined India/East Africa. Wie bewegte sich ein Dinosaurier-Riese wie der Argentinosaurus? Chakraborty et al. Reconstructions of CO2 level (Figure 2) combined with the simulations support the CO2 paradigm. The Son Valley Basin (SVB), also known as the Rewa Basin (based on its placement in the earlier Rewa state), forms the continuity between the E-W trending Damodar-Koel Valley and the Satpura Gondwana Basin belt (Figs. Precambrian structural grains and dislocations appear to have assumed an important role during the Gondwana basin evolution. The basin belt occurs at the junction with NW-SW trending Mahanadi Valley Basin belt (Fig. Pan-African and Circum-East Antarctica (Grenvillian) terrains in east Gondwana during c. 1000–500 Ma. Similar sequence and assemblage also occur in other southern continents that are now separated by oceans but were once constituents of the Gondwana supercontinent. Il a été nommé par Eduard Suess d'après le nom d'une région de l'Inde du nord, Gondwâna (du sanskrit gondavana, forêt des Gonds), où ont été décrites les séquences sédimentaires du Permien-Trias de cet ancien continent. 15.4). a vast continental area believed to have existed in the southern hemisphere and to have resulted from the breakup of Pangaea in Mesozoic times. Terrane amalgamation continued until c. 600 Ma, resulting in the juxtaposition of East and West Gondwana across the deformed rocks of the shield, and the final assembly of Gondwana was achieved by c. 550 Ma following overlapping periods of basin formation, rifting, compression, strike-slip faulting, and the creation of gneiss domes in association with extension and/or thrusting. Similarities existed between several sedimentary successions that occurred as new isolated basins. According to them, the EAO evolved as an accretionary orogen and was partially superimposed by a 590–560 Ma orogen created by the collision of a combined India-Madagascar and part of Antarctica with eastern Africa. This breakup mechanism provides us rare opportunities to gain insights into the 4-D geodynamic system marked by close interactions between the thermal dynamics of Earth’s outer core, mantle convections, and lithospheric plate tectonics. However, there was much opposition to Wegener’s ideas on continental drift and the concept of a previously united Gondwana, largely due to the lack of a plausible mechanism for the necessary continental movements. noun. A close relationship exists between the location and evolution of Gondwana basins with Precambrian crustal structure, gravity anomaly patterns, and belts of high heat flows (Acharyya and Roy, 2000; Acharyya, 2001a,b). Such glacial periods are substantiated by striated pavements, wide distribution of glacial debris with faceted and striated megaclasts in thin-bedded basinal sediments of terrigenous, lacustrine, and marine sedimentary facies. Gondwana. The overall basin geometry was generated in three stages of faulting during and postdating the sedimentation (Chakraborty et al., 2003). It still needs an appropriate CO2 level. GONDWANA - Das Praehistorium bleibt aufgrund der Pandemie-Schutzverordnungen bis auf weiteres geschlossen. Even where the palaeosols are not present, the bedrock displays evidences of deep weathering. Il s’est fragmenté au début du Jurassique, autour de 170 millions d’années après l’ouverture de nos océans actuels Atlantique, Indien… Les … However, the accumulation of Pan-African zircon ages mostly from Antarctica together with many of reliable paleomagnetic data from various parts of the globe, resulted in a reevaluation of the above classical model with the emergence of a radical new model. BF, Bijuri; BCF, Bahmani chilpa fault; DF, Dulhara fault; DHF, Dhanpura fault; JF, Janakpur fault; KCF, Kanchanpur fault; KF, Kotma fault; KKF, Karki fault; MF, Meghuli fault; MTF, Mitgain fault; PF, Pakaria fault; SF, Shahdol fault. 9.2. The three main Gondwana basin belts in the Indian shield are: (i) broadly NW-SE trending Pranhita-Godavari Valley and (ii) Mahanadi Valley belts, and (iii) broadly E-W to ENE-WSW trending Damodar-Koel-Son Valley and Satpura Mountain belt. The Gondwana supercontinent after amalgamation of West and East Gondwana resulting from the formation of the East African orogen. Each of these lithostratigraphic units corresponds to an informal formation or group rank. The various floral provinces had flourished on continents, which had always stayed in their present positions, but their connection by land bridges in the Late Paleozoic subsequently drowned beneath the oceans through isostatic readjustments. The continent of Gondwana was named by Austrian scientist, Eduard Suess, after the Gondwana region of central northern India (from Sanskrit gondavana 'forest of the Gonds'), from which the Gondwana sedimentary sequences (Permian–Triassic) are also found. The distribution of Gondwana-affinity Permo-Carboniferous indicates that basins whose remnants are now represented by the Yarlung–Zangbo Suture and the Bangong–Nujiang Suture did not exist at that time, and the vast area south of the Lungmu–Shuanghu–Jinshajiang Zone in Tibet and west of the Changning–Menglian Belt in Yunnan formed a part of the northern margin of Gondwana. Gondwana was a super-continent which broke up around 150 million years ago giving the continental blocks of Africa, Arabia, India, South America, the Antarctic and Australia. The Gondwana basins, mimicked the Proterozoic structure, and was controlled by their deformed basement structures, and inherited the Precambrian fabrics. The basin commonly developed half-graben geometry, and the longer arm as well as the southern boundary of the basin is faulted and responsible for steep downward movement and greater sediment thickness toward the boundary fault. TRK Chetty, in Proterozoic Orogens of India, 2017. von E. Sueß inhaltlich diskutiert, bezeichnet er die Landmasse, welche die Kontinente Südamerika, Afrika inklusive Madagaskar, Vorderindien, Australien und Antarktis beinhaltet. Middle Cambrian Bradoriida (Arthropoda) from the Franconian Forest, Germany, with a review of the bradoriids described from West Gondwana and a revision of material from Baltica There were longer intervals of rapid subsidence when fluvial sediments were deposited. [After Gondwana, a region of central India, ultimately from Sanskrit Goṇḍavanam : goṇḍaḥ, Gond + vanam, forest .] Both the models still command strong support and further data are required to constrain their future viability, although the new model is becoming increasingly popular. Gondwana Supergroup includes continental rift-basin deposits with minor marine inputs formed between late Carbonaceous and middle Jurassic. It is fairly well established that the orogenic events related to the formation of the Gondwana supercontinent were described as the global “Pan-African” episode (Clifford, 1968). The Late Mesozoic faulting, mafic, ultramafic intrusion and initiation of flood basalt extrusion signaled the breakup of Gondwanaland and the termination of the Gondwana geodynamic cycle. From the Jurassic period, Pangea, and consequently Gondwana, fragmented land evolved towards the current configuration of the continents. Gondwana had formed somewhat earlier, 650 to 450million years ago, by the closure of multiple “Pan-African” suture belts stitching together constituent pieces that are now parts of modern Africa, South America, India, Australia, and Antarctica. The basin itself is thought to have been of the nature of a gradually sinking broad trough where deposition of the sediments was accompanied by the subsidence of the basin (under the load) so that huge accumulations were possible in due course of … Gondwana’s final formation occurred about 180 million years ago, during the late Ediacaran Period. The successively overlying formations include Karharbari, Barakar, Barren Measures, and Raniganj. Gondwana Supercontinent: Definition & Breakup Instructor: Betsy Chesnutt Show bio Betsy teaches college physics, biology, and engineering and has a Ph.D. in Biomedical Engineering The name “Gondwana” was originally coined by H.B. This oblong basin (about 300 km long in an E-W direction and 70–100 km wide, measuring approximately 30,000 km2 in area) exhibits Gondwana sequence spanning from the Late Carboniferous/Early Permian to the early Cretaceous. Further, a bi-modality in geochronological data from the east Gondwana was also recognized suggesting two orogenies for its assembly that include an earlier EAO (~750 and 620 Ma) and a later Kuunga orogeny (~570–530 Ma). If CO2 cannot reach that threshold, no glaciation will develop even if the orbital elements are optimal. Geological map of Rewa Gondwana basin. During the Paleozoic era, the migration of Gondwana from the south Pole towards the north caused the closure of the Rheic ocean which separated Gondwana from the continental blocks of the northern hemisphere (Laurentia, Baltica, Siberia, Kazakhstan, Northern China etc.). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Gondwana How it got its name Notes by Craig Robertson March, 2008: I was told as a geology student in the 1960s, over 50 years ago, that Gondwana meant land of the Gonds, and that they were a tribal people living somewhere in India. Gondwana is the last of the supercontinents the world has seen — so far. Raniganj basin has typical extensional rift basin character. Modified after Yoshida, M., Windley, B.F., & Dasgupta, S. (2003). Fig. Gondwana, auch Gondwanaland oder seltener Gondwania, bezeichnet den südlichen Großkontinent, der während des größten Teils der bekannten Erdgeschichte auf der Südhalbkugel existierte. Subsequent studies suggest that the West Gondwana (i.e., the cratons of South America and Africa) was amalgamated between 650 and 600 Ma, and that the East Gondwana was assembled in at least two stages, between 750 and 620 Ma (East African Orogen (EAO)) and at 570–500 Ma (Kuunga Orogen) (Meert, 2001). The Gondwana sequence in the Indian shield was initiated during the Late Paleozoic glaciation after a prolonged gap following the Proterozoic. Reproduced from Chakraborty et al. Gondwana was not considered a supercontinent by the earliest definition, since the landmasses of Baltica, Laurentia, and Siberia were separated from it. K. Zhuang, ... J.D. They described this orogen as the Mozambique suture and suggested that Australia-Antarctica (with an enlarged Antarctic component including the Ruker Terrane) collided with India along the Kuunga suture at 535–520 Ma, leading to the development of the Eastern Ghats Mobile belt (EGMB) along the east coast of India. The Late Mesozoic faulting, mafic, ultramafic intrusion, and initiation of flood basalt signalled the Gondwana continental break up and the termination of the Gondwana geodynamic cycle. The Gondwana supercontinent was the largest unit of continental crust on Earth for more than 200 million years. The collision of these two continental assemblies in the carboniferous period, followed by the resulting closure of the Ural in the Permian, led to the formation of a world supercontinent, Pangea, composed of Gondwana in the south and Laurasia in the north. West Gondwana, on the other hand, got assembled during the Neoproterozoic and collided with preexisting East Gondwana at this time. These alternated with shorter intervals of relative tectonic quiescence or slower rate of subsidence, favourable for the development of the regional coal seams (Mukhopadhyay, 1984). Gondwana definition, a hypothetical landmass in the Southern Hemisphere that separated toward the end of the Paleozoic Era to form South America, Africa, Antarctica, and Australia. Preface-Proterozoic East Gondwana: Supercontinent Assembly and Breakup. However, the Gondwana basin belts each initiated contemporaneously and show parallel Gondwana stratigraphy (Table 2.3). Er hatte im Perm eine Ausdehnung von etwa 73 Millionen km²[1]. The main phases of sedimentation in the Gondwana basins took place along several linear continental rift basins comprising sags and depressions, which at a later stage developed into half or full grabens. Gondwana or Gondwanaland was a supercontinent that existed from the Neoproterozoic (about 550 million years ago) and began to break up during the Jurassic (about 180 million years ago), with the opening of the Drake Passage, separating South America and Antarctica occurring during the Eocene. It is widely accepted that Gondwana Rocks are of fluviatile origin, that is, these have been deposited by streams and rivers in the so called Gondwana basin. CIS, Central Indian Shear. L'Afrique, l'Arabie, l'Inde, l'Amérique du Sud, l' Antarctique et l'Australie sont des blocs continentaux résultant de la dislocation, il y a environ 150 Ma, d'un supercontinent : le Gondwana. Definition und GSSP. 15.4. A few isolated areas of the Gondwana lithic fill are located in the Son Valley and beyond the southern border of the Rewa Gondwana basin or the main SVB area (Fig. The longer boundaries of the Gondwana subbasins are generally faulted and give them “half-graben” geometry; their basin boundary faults indicate steep downward movement, conforming to gravity faults. Gondwana, also called Gondwanaland, ancient supercontinent that incorporated present-day South America, Africa, Arabia, Madagascar, India, Australia, and Antarctica. See more. 9.1). (2003) with permission. The Gondwana Basins opened possibly in response to a NNE-SSW directed extension that acted over the rigid Indian shield. Based on paleomagnetic and geochronological data a new model was proposed, in which the EGMB and the Rayner Complex of Antarctica were not a part of Rodinia, but collided with Gondwana at around 680–610 Ma. Vitek, in Treatise on Geomorphology, 2013. The Gondwana Basin belts in India occur as rectilinear zones within the Proterozoic mobile belts that have encapsuled the Archean collisional sutures. Plates are being formed and consumed today, just as they have been since the Earth’s crust cooled down to a solid. However, there is also a variation in the SLAMIN model that India did not collide with west Gondwana until late Neoproterozoic-Early Cambrian times (Boger & Miller, 2004). The earliest phase of Gondwana sedimentation (especially during the Talchir) took place in the eroded topographic depressions. Post Your Comments? Gondwana represents approximately one third of the continents of today and contains around 60% of world mineral resources. The focal theme addressed in this chapter is to correlate and compare these POI and their constituents with similar features in other fragments of Gondwana. The Gondwana sequence mainly comprises a Permian-Triassic continental succession. The patterns of the intrabasinal faults and their relationships with the respective basin-bounding faults represent both extensional and strike-slip regimes (Chakraborty et al., 2003). The skepticism and the debate continued to exist among most of the geological community until the advent of the plate tectonic theory in the 1960s. Fig. Palaeodrainage systems at the initial (incipient) stages led to the development of pockets of Palaeosols. The Milankovitch cycle is only one factor for the inception and demise of glaciations although the Milankovitch cycle does play significant roles in waxing and waning of ice sheets. Except for the lower most glaciogene, fluvioglacial, glaciomarine sediments in the lithostratigraphic Unit A, the rest of the Gondwana succession is largely under a variety of fluvial settings, with some records of fluviodeltaic, fluviolacustrine, and alluvial sediments. n. (Geological Science) one of the two ancient supercontinents produced by the first split of the even larger supercontinent Pangaea about 200 million years ago, comprising chiefly what are now Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, and the Indian subcontinent. Talchir Formation formed under glaciomarine condition is the oldest. Together with its northern counterpart, Laurasia, Gondwana comprised almost all of present-day continental crust.Between about 500 and 200 Ma, Gondwana and Laurasia together … Figure 6.2. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. The Proterozoic basin belts that are oriented oblique to the extension axis (~ 60 degrees) opened and developed contemporaneously during the Late Paleozoic-Mesozoic. Kroner and … The other proposal was that Rodinia was formed as a result of many collisional events of relatively long-lived (1100–700 Ma) orogens of Grenvillian age including the EGMB, East Antarctica and the Late Mesoproterozoic Albany Fraser belt of Australia. All these, barring the Barren Measures, contain economically exploitable coal seams. From: Encyclopedia of Physical Science and Technology (Third Edition), 2003, A.B.